Accounting Issues in XYZ Company-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyze the Financial and Accounting Issues in XYZ Company. Answer: Introduction: This report has been prepared to analyze the financial and accounting issues in a company. It is quite normal for a company o face accounting and financial issues in its routine life. There are various ways and techniques which is not accepted by the accounting board and used by the companies for convenience creates an issue for the company. It is required for every company to manage the accounts and finance according to the set rules and regulations to offer an exact result to the user of the reports and internal and external stakeholders of the company. Accounting and financial rules have been set by the boards according to the international accounting and finance rules and regulations to make a common set of rules and regulations for every state and the companies. Singapore culture is diverse in nature. It has been found through analyzing the Singapores accounting board that the rules and regulations in Singapore are similar to the international rules and regulations. More, in this report corporate governance of Singapore has also been studied to analyze the rules of corporate governance in the country. Company act of Singapore has briefed about the corporate governance code of the country which must be followed by every company in the state. Further, it has been analyzed that how the concerned company is applying corporate governance code in its business and what are the issues which could be faced by the company due to corporate governance code. This report briefs the user about many issues which could be faced by a company due to many internal and external factors. Further, many other factors have also been analyzed on a Singaporean company to understand the factors of the company briefly. Further, this report briefs the user about the entire internal and external factor of the company. Company overview: For this report, XYZ plc has been taken into consideration. This company is operating its business functions in Singapore from last many decades. This company has been established in 1980. This company is operating in retail industry. Many stores and warehouses are operated by the company to manage and enhance the sales of the company. Further, this company also offers various services and products to its customers. This company is enhancing its productivity rapidly. Annual report of this company has also been analyzed and it has been found that the liquidity, profitability, capital structure, efficiency etc condition of the company is in the favor of the company or vice versa. Further, many other aspects related to finance and accounts has been analyzed over the company to make a better decision[1]. Following are the reports of the company: XYZ Plc INCOME STATEMENT Fiscal year ends in June. MVR In millions except per share data. 2016-06 2015-06 2014-06 2013-06 2012-06 Revenue 3954 3652 3484 3308 3128 Cost of revenue 3089 2854 2745 2610 2480 Gross profit 865 798 739 699 648 Operating expenses Sales, General and administrative 1006 931 884 839 771 Other operating expenses -361 -334 -336 -318 -284 Total operating expenses 644 597 548 521 486 Operating income 221 201 191 178 161 Interest Expense 4 6 9 10 14 Other income (expense) 1 1 0 1 1 Income before income taxes 218 196 183 168 148 Provision for income taxes 66 59 54 51 44 Minority interest 0 0 Other income 0 0 Net income from continuing operations 152 137 128 117 105 Other 0 0 Net income 152 137 128 116 105 Net income available to common shareholders 152 137 128 116 105 Earnings per share Basic 1.51 1.36 1.27 1.16 1.05 Diluted 1.5 1.35 1.25 1.16 1.05 Weighted average shares outstanding Basic 100 100 101 100 100 Diluted 101 101 102 101 100 EBITDA 263 241 227 211 193 XYZ Plc BALANCE SHEET Fiscal year ends in June. MVR In millions except per share data. 2016-06 2015-06 2014-06 2013-06 2012-06 Assets Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents 52 49 43 67 40 Total cash 52 49 43 67 40 Receivables 98 81 71 64 58 Inventories 546 479 459 426 428 Prepaid expenses 4 4 4 5 Other current assets 6 3 2 2 2 Total current assets 703 617 578 564 534 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Other properties 419 385 366 333 301 Property and equipment, at cost 419 385 366 333 301 Accumulated Depreciation -236 -208 -185 -152 -119 Property, plant and equipment, net 184 176 182 181 182 Equity and other investments 0 0 0 0 Goodwill 37 36 36 35 30 Intangible assets 49 49 49 49 49 Deferred income taxes 21 17 15 15 16 Total non-current assets 290 278 282 280 277 Total assets 992 895 860 843 811 Liabilities and stockholders' equity Liabilities Current liabilities Accounts payable 302 254 244 335 365 Deferred income taxes 11 9 8 15 4 Deferred revenues 29 Other current liabilities 134 117 70 93 70 Total current liabilities 447 380 352 442 439 Non-current liabilities Long-term debt 110 139 180 124 150 Other long-term liabilities 31 32 33 33 37 Total non-current liabilities 141 171 213 158 187 Total liabilities 588 552 565 600 627 Stockholders' equity Common stock 49 57 58 63 62 Retained earnings 328 269 220 169 118 Accumulated other comprehensive income 27 18 16 12 5 Total stockholders' equity 405 343 295 243 185 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 992 895 860 843 811 XYZ Plc Statement of CASH FLOW Fiscal year ends in June. MVR In millions except per share data. 2016-06 2015-06 2014-06 2013-06 2012-06 Cash Flows From Operating Activities Other non-cash items 185 180 41 156 215 Net cash provided by operating activities 185 180 41 156 215 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Investments in property, plant, and equipment -52 -42 -36 -35 -46 Property, plant, and equipment reductions 0 0 1 1 1 Acquisitions, net -2 -3 -4 Net cash used for investing activities -52 -44 -38 -38 -45 Cash Flows From Financing Activities Long-term debt issued 54 Long-term debt repayment -30 -40 -26 -84 Common stock issued 6 3 22 1 4 Repurchases of treasury stock -13 -5 -26 Cash dividends paid -93 -87 -77 -65 -77 Other financing activities 0 -1 0 -1 0 Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities -131 -130 -28 -91 -158 Effect of exchange rate changes 0 0 1 1 0 Net change in cash 3 6 -24 28 12 Cash at beginning of period 49 43 67 40 27 Cash at end of period 52 49 43 67 40 Free Cash Flow Operating cash flow 185 180 41 156 215 Capital expenditure -52 -42 -36 -35 -46 Free cash flow 133 137 5 121 169 Supplemental schedule of cash flow data Cash paid for income taxes -66 -60 -61 -40 -49 Cash paid for interest -4 -6 -7 -9 -13 Impact on stakeholders: Stakeholders of the company are those people or parties who are related to company through any monetary or non monetary relationship. Stakeholders are the main parties of the company. Mostly, shareholders are the main stakeholder of an organization. Shareholders are the investors who have invested their money into the company to raise the invested amount. Shareholders interests get affected with every change in the operations and business functioning of the company[3]. It is required for every shareholder to analyze the financial and non financial data of the company and then make an investment into the business of an organization. Through analyzing over XYZ plc it has been found that the performance of the company is enhancing rapidly. Minor changes have been faced by the company from last 5 years due to many internal and external issues. It has been found that from last 2 years, economy of the state is getting fluctuate due to international market and it is also impacting over the financial condition of the company. Following are the details over the financial data of the company from last 5 years which will depict the user about the liquidity condition, profitability situation, solvency analysis, efficiency situation etc. Computation of ratio analysis Liquidity ratio 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Current ratio 1.572706935 1.623684211 1.642045455 1.2760181 1.216400911 Quick ratio 0.351230425 0.363157895 0.338068182 0.312217195 0.241457859 Working capital 256.0 237.0 226.0 122.0 95.0 8% Profitability Ratios 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Operating Profit Margin 9.578907436 10.37102957 10.87112514 11.44951632 12.10837596 0.792122137 Net Profit Margin 0.038442084 0.037513691 0.03673938 0.035066505 0.033567775 -0.000928393 Return on Capital Employed 69.5 73.5 74.6 94.5 101.8 4.048276476 Return on Equity 0.375308642 0.39941691 0.433898305 0.477366255 0.567567568 0.024108268 Return on Total assets 0.153225806 0.153072626 0.148837209 0.137603796 0.12946979 -0.000153181 Solvency Ratios [4] Capital structure ratio 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Debt- equity 1.455445545 1.609329446 1.915254237 2.469135802 3.407608696 Interest coverage ratio 9468.75 6312.5 4208.333333 3787.5 2705.357143 Activity ratio Efficiency ratio 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Receivable turnover ratio 44.17877095 48.05263158 51.61481481 54.2295082 Creditor turnover ratio 11.11151079 20.5323741 9.481865285 21.0483871 Inventory turnover ratio 6.027317073 35.2345679 6.203389831 40.78125 Assets turnover ratio 4.190779014 4.161823362 4.091603053 4 Computation of return on capital invested Particular 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 ROCI -13.03214596 -10.29929577 -10.29281278 -19.62365591 -23.52941176 Through, above are the details of the company which has been faced by the company from last 5 year. These details would help the entire stakeholders of the company to make decisions about the company. Ratio analysis assists every stakeholder of a company to investigate the relevant information and make a better decision about the companys performance and their investment into the company. Here, liquidity position of the company depict about the ability of the company which is useful for the company to met its short term obligation, this information is required by the debtors, creditors and short term investors of the company to analyze the short term financial situation of the company. Here, it has been found that the current ratio of the company has been decreased from last year but has been enhanced from 2012. Currently, the current ratio is 1.57 which depict that company is utilizing the minimum resources at maximum level. Further, it has been found that the quick ratio of the company has also been improved from last 5 years. Company is managing a 0.35 of quick ratio in 2016 which depict that 35% of total liabilities could be paid by the company quickly which a standard rate is according to the industry. Further, working capital management of the company depict about the improvement in the working capital from last year as the operations of the company has been enh anced so it is also required for the company to enhance the working capital to run the business smoothly[5]. More, profitability position of the company depict about the ability of the company to earn the profits in its short term period as well as long term period, this information is required by the debtors, creditors, banks, financial institutes, suppliers, short term and long term investors of the company to analyze the short and long term financial situation of the company. Here, it has been found that the operating profit margin ratio of the company has been decreased from last year and it has also decreased from 2012. Currently, the ratio is 9.57 which depict that company is earning 9.57% of total revenue as a profit. Further, it has been found that the net margin ratio of the company has also been decreased from last 5 years. Company is managing a 0.038 of quick ratio in 2016 which depict that 3.8% of total sales could be retained by the company as net profit of the company. Further, return on capital employed of the company has been analyzed which depict about the total return to t he stakeholders over the capital employed of the company. It has been found that the return on capital employed ratio of the company has also been decreased from last 5 years due to less profit[6]. Return on equity and return on total assets have also been analyzed to offer the information to the stakeholders of the company. The return on equity depicts about the total return to the equity holders of the company. It has been analyzed that the return amount has been lower due to less profit and return on total assets depict about the relationship about the revenue and the assets of the company and it has been found that the return on total assets ratio has been enhanced from last year. Here, solvency ratio of the company depict about the ability of the company to manage the capital structure of the company in long term period, this information is required by the debtors, creditors, banks, financial institutes, suppliers, short term and long term investors of the company to analyze the short and long term financial situation of the company. Here, it has been found that the debt equity ratio of the company has been decreased from last year and has also been decreased from 2012. Currently, the debt equity ratio is 1.45 which depict that company is managing the 1:1.45 ratio of debt and equity. Further, it has been found that the interest coverage ratio of the company has also been decreased from last 5 years. Company is managing a 9468.75 of interest coverage ratio in 2016[7]. More, activity position of the company depict about the ability of the company to efficient the activities and business functioning of the company, this information is required by the debtors, creditors, banks, financial institutes, suppliers, short term and long term investors of the company to analyze the short and long term financial situation of the company. Here, it has been found that the receivable turnover ratio of the company has been decreased from last year and it has also decreased from 2012. Currently, the ratio is 44.17. Further, it has been found that the creditor turnover ratio of the company has also been decreased from last 5 years. Company is managing an 11.11 of creditor turnover ratio in 2016. Further, inventory turnover ratio of the company has been analyzed which depict about the total time period in which the inventory is ordered by the company for further production. It has been found that the return on inventory turnover ratio of the company has also been de creased from last 5 years due to less profit and strategy changes of the company. Asset turnover ratio of the company has also been analyzed to analyze the asset condition in the company[8]. The asset turnover ratio has been analyzed and found that the 4.19 times the revenue of the company is higher than the total average assets of the company. Lastly, return on capital invested of the company depict about the ability of the company to pay the returns to the investors in its short term period as well as long term period, this information is required by the debtors, creditors, banks, financial institutes, suppliers, short term and long term investors of the company to analyze the short and long term financial situation of the company. Here, it has been found that the ROCI of the company has been enhanced from last year and it has also enhanced from 2012. Currently, the ratio is -13.03 which depict that company is paying -13.03% of total revenue as a dividend to the shareholders. Accounting and finance problems: Further analysis has been done over the companys financial and accounting data to analyze the process of preparing the financial statement of the company. It has been analyzed through study over the accounting and financing books, it has been found that there are many issues which could be faced by an organization due to the final statements of the company and the process through which these statements are created by the company. It has been found through this study that it is required for every company to understand the accounting concept deeply and prepare the data accordingly. For it, companies could hire a professional accountant, who has knowledge about the accounting rules and regulations so that the financial report and accounting analysis could be done easily in the company. In concern of XYZ plc, it has been found that there are various issues in the process of preparing the final financial data of the company which is depicting wrong information to the user. It has been found that company is not following entire rules and regulations perfectly. It has also been found that company is required to look over the international regulations too while preparing the final data. It has been evaluated that company is making changes into many techniques every year just to depict wrong information to the stakeholders so that they could be impressed through the company and make an investment in the company. In the reports of the company, it has been found that company is not focusing over the conceptual framework totally. Company is still using some traditional approach to prepare the financial reports while new policies have been implemented by the country for the listed companies to prepare the final financial reports accordingly. It has been analyzed that the depreciation methods used by the companies to depreciate the machineries and other fixed assets of the company are not same in each year. Company makes the changes in it according to the convenience. Further, it has also been analyzed that company is not focusing over the conceptual framework totally[9]. Company is still using some traditional approach to prepare the financial reports while new policies have been implemented by the country for the listed companies to prepare the final financial reports accordingly. Further, GAAP rules have been studied and found that there are many rules of GAAP have not been accepted by the com pany and still it is working like before. Lastly, the assumptions which have been taken by the company while making financial and accounting decision analyzed. The issues of the company are as follows: Depreciation techniques: Depreciation is a tool which is used by the companies to figure out the exact value of fixed assets of the company. Depreciation over the assets includes a significant part of the assets in many organizations. Depreciation could have an important effect in presenting and determining the results of operation of this organization. The depreciation objective is to stipulate the depreciation accounting treatment[10]. Depreciation accounting rules and regulation depict that property, equipments and plants of the company must be depreciated, and it does not consider the natural resources of the company. Goodwill of the company must not be depreciated. Depreciation is the distribution of depreciable amount over an asset in estimated useful life. It is charged in a financial year through the net profit of the company either directly or indirectly[11]. In this case of XYZ Plc, it has been found that depreciation techniques used by the company are quite similar according to the depreciation accounting standard but the consistency of depreciation methods have not been followed by the company[12]. It has been found that in each year, company make changes in the depreciation % as well as depreciation techniques. Such as in 2013, company has used straight line method to depreciate the equipments but in 2015, company has changed the method and applied diminishing method to depreciate the equipments of the company. Further, it has been found that various changes have been made by the accountant of the company to make the attractive financial data. It has been found through analyzing over the depreciation techniques of the company, it has been found that company wanted to reduce the tax charges and enhance the net profit of the company thus it had made changes into the depreciation techniques. Depreciation also creates an issue for the company n terms of selecting the total estimated useful life and take assumption about the scrap value of the company. MASB also depict that it is required for every company to disclose the depreciation technique in its annual report while preparing the financial reports[13]. Company is required to depict entire information related to depreciation such as the estimated life of an asset, residual value of the asset, scrap value of the assets; depreciation allowed in a period, gross depreciable amount in a financial year etc must be disclosed by the company in its annual reports. Through the annual report of the company, it has been analyzed that there are various points which have not been mentioned by the company in its annual reports. It has been found through this report that the annual report of the company is not depicting the entire information about the depreciation of the company[14]. It has been found through the reports that the accountant of the company is either have less information about the accounting standards or he is pressurize by the company to make the annual reports more attractive and thus he ignored many accounting regulations[15]. Conceptual framework: Basically, it is not some rules and regulations or accounting standards which makes the principles and concepts to assist the accountant or the top level manager in preparing the final statements and annual reports of the company. Consequently, conceptual framework is a set of regulations and rules which should be concerned in a firm while making the financial statements and annual reports of the company[16]. It makes sure about the financial statements reliability to the external stakeholders of the company. MASB has launched a framework to help out the accounting professionals to prepare and present the financial statements in 1989. This framework has been known as conceptual framework. This conceptual framework locates the conception which positions the preparation and presentation of statements of final financial reports for the external as well as internal stakeholders[17]. It also assists a firm to prepare and present the financial statements with the assistance of many international rules and regulations; it offers depth information about the preparation and presentation of final statements as well as it also considers the accounting standards. Conceptual framework assists the auditors in shaping their own opinion about financial statement of a firm. It assists financial statements user to understand the figures according to their requirement. Internal users of final financial statement and annual reports of a firm are top level managers like production manager, finance director, marketing manager etc. These financial concepts are used by the firm to make decision about future strategy. Every stakeholder considers the financial statements for different objectives. Like a manager could look for decision making, entrepreneur for the objective of growth and development of business, personnel for the reason of take an idea about financial performance and health of the firm. Creditors of the company analyze the risk; politics and government look to examine the tax return[18]. It has been explained about 4 characteristics, which are as below: Understandability Relevance Reliability Comparability[19] In the case of XYZ plc, it has been found that the company is not following the conceptual framework while presenting and preparing the final reports of the company. It has been found through an analysis over the annual report of the company that company is taking many assumptions while preparing the reports rather than it must consider the conceptual framework to maintain the financial detail of the company[20]. Further, it has been found that this framework is not followed by the company due to the accountant of the company. Either the accountants have less information about the accounting standards or they are pressurized by the company to make the annual reports more attractive and thus he ignored many accounting regulations. GAAP rules: GAAP rules are also known as generally accepted accounting principles. GAAP is a compilation of commonly-followed standards and rules of accountants for financial and accounting reporting[21]. GAAP specifications contain explanation of principles and concepts, as well as some rules related to industry. The main purpose of GAAP is to make sure that the reporting of financial and accounting figures are consistent and transparent from one firm to another[22]. There is no general GAAP customary and the particulars vary from one location (geographical) to another. In the Singapore, the MASB permissions that financial reports hold on to GAAP necessities. The IFRS, IASB, FASB, MASB etc boards stipulates GAAP general and the GASB (Governmental Accounting Standards Board) describes GAAP for local and state government[23]. Companies which are publicly traded must observe with both GAAP and SEC requirements. Many states around the globe have espoused the IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)[24]. It has been designed to offer a worldwide framework to public limited companies to prepare and reveal their financial statements and reports. Accepting a single set of accounting global standards simplifies the procedures of accounting for international countries and offers auditors and investors with a unified view of investments. In the case of XYZ plc, it has been found that the company is not following the global standards while presenting and preparing the final reports of the company. It has been found through an analysis over the annual report of the company that company is taking many assumptions while preparing the reports rather than it must consider the conceptual framework to maintain the financial detail of the company[25]. Further, it has been found that these GAAP standards have not been followed by the company due to the accountant of the company[26]. Either the accountants have less information about the accounting standards or they are pressurized by the company to make the annual reports more attractive and thus he ignored many accounting regulations. Assumptions: Fundamental accounting assumptions or basic assumptions mean the accounting conceptual which have been concerned and chased while recording and presenting the financial information. As required informations are different from stakeholder to stakeholder, firm to firm and condition to condition so it could be said that assumption varies. Basically, there are 3 assumptions which are considered by the companies while preparing and presenting their financial data. Following are there assumptions: Going concern concept Accrual concept Consistency Further, some accountants depict that there are 5 assumptions which must be used by the companies, which are as follows: Business entity concept Going concern concept Accruals concept[27] Money Measurement concept Consistency Though, through the MASB, it has been analyzed that following assumptions could be used by the company for preparing and presenting the financial information of the company: Going concern this assumption depict that the business will always run. Accrual basis of accounting this statement depict that entire financial statements apart from the cash flow statement must be made according to the accrual basis[28]. Consistency this statement depict that consistency in classification and presentation must be there while preparing the financial statement. Materiality this statement depict that material class of same items which are presented individually[29] Offsetting this statement depict that assets alongside incomes and liabilities against the expenses which could not be offset except required or permitted by IAS. Among the above five, beginning 3 are of more importance as they has been least affected by requirements of IAS and situation of the business. Singapore corporate governance and issues regarding the Singapore corporate governance to the company: Singapore corporate governance has been studied to analyze the corporate governance. It is a procedure which is apprehensive about how firms could be managed, how managers are administered, what queries could be faced by BOD and the responsibility a firm corporation has to shareholders. Corporate governance is an important aspect which is followed by the companies to manage the effectiveness of the company and meet its social responsibilities[30]. It has been found through the reports that it controls over entire matters of the company. It assists the company to manage the contribution and development of the firm. Singapore corporate governance offers the good relations and policies to the companies to adopt and enhance their business functioning. In this case, it could be investigated that the XYZ Plc has been able to execute efficient corporate governance that directs the firm to become more spirited in the market. According to the investigation over the retailing industry of Singapore and XYZ Plc the issues has been concerned that the board must include the skill level and care which is expected from the directors and insufficient financial necessities and requirements. It has been analyzed that board of directors and managers are working on the same phase to resolve these issues[31]. In positive aspects terms, the board of director, managers and other employees of the company has been capable to manage entire stuffs of the company and also manage the competitive performance of XYZ Plc. The BOD (board of directors) of this firm makes sure that entire actions of the company are legal and stick to business ethics. Further, they also make sure that the social responsibility of the company is also included with their responsibilities. Hence, the firm has some positive aspects as well as some negative aspects. One of which remains to the concept that, due to the inconsistencies and mistakes of the entity who is involved, it could not be assured always that there would be no errors or losses which would occur[32]. In capability to grip the differences and diversities also makes a negative aspect which could be attached with corporate governance practice of the company. Lastly, incapacity to make sure shareholder worth is one more negative aspect of the firm. It could be said that shareholders value must be enhanced. Lastly, it could be concluded that these corporate governance practices help the company and individual to maintain the competitive advantages of the company[33]. Conclusion: Thus through this report, it could be concluded that Accounting and financial rules have been set by the MASB boards according to the international accounting and finance rules and regulations to make a common set of rules and regulations for every state and the companies. Singapore culture is diverse in nature. It has been found through analyzing the Singapores accounting board that the rules and regulations in Singapore are similar to the international rules and regulations[34]. More, in this report corporate governance of Singapore has also been studied to analyze the rules of corporate governance in the country. Company act of Singapore has briefed about the corporate governance code of the country which must be followed by every company in the state. Further, it has been analyzed that how the concerned company is applying corporate governance code in its business and what are the issues which could be faced by the company due to corporate governance code[35]. This report briefs the user about many issues which could be faced by a company due to many internal and external factors[36]. Further, many other factors have also been analyzed on a Singaporean company to understand the factors of the company briefly. Further, this report briefs the user about the entire internal and external factor of the XYZ plc References: Edwards, D. Wolfenzon, B. Yeung, Corporate governance, economic entrenchment, and growth, Journal of economic Literature, 2005 Sep 1;43(3):655-720. Epstein, AA. Mirza, Wiley IFRS 2006: interpretation and application of international financial reporting standards, Wiley; 2006 Feb 3. Epstein, EK. 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